Chris Grayling and Nus Ghani

<<<< GLOSSARY

END NOTES

1 DfT (2019) Maritime 2050 Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/maritime-2050-navigating-the-future

2 DfT (2015) Maritime Growth Study: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/maritime-growth-study-report

3 The Environment chapter of Maritime 2050 also discusses a range of other environmental topics, outside of zero emission shipping. Further detail on these topics is monitored through the wider Maritime 2050 reporting process.
4 Defra (2019) Clean Air Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/clean-air-strategy-2019

5 The temperature goals of the Paris Agreement aim to “strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change, in the context of sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty, including by …Holding the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change.” 

https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf

6 IMO (2018) Initial IMO Strategy on the Reduction of GHG from Ships

 http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Resolution%20MEPC.304(72)_E.pdf

7 Frontier Economics, E4tech and UMAS (2019) Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air Pollution. Economic Opportunities from Low and Zero Emission Shipping. A report for the Department for Transport.
8 BEIS (2017) Clean Growth Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/clean-growth-strategy

9 BEIS (2017) Industrial Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/the-uks-industrial-strategy

10 Full Council membership can be found at: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/clean-maritime-revolution-startsvoyage

11 [reference to be added to .gov.uk]
12 UNCTAD (2018) Review of Maritime Transport: https://unctad.org/en/pages/PublicationWebflyer.aspx?publicationid=2245

13 DfT (2018) Port Freight Annual Statistics: 2017 Final Figures: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/port-freightstatistics-2017-final-figures

14 DfT (2019) Sea Passenger Statistics 2018: Short Sea Routes (Provisional): https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/sea-passenger-statistics-2018-short-sea-routes-provisional
15 Cebr (2017) The Economic Contribution of the UK Maritime Sector: https://www.maritimeuk.org/documents/183/Cebr_Maritime_Sector_Report_2017.pdf

16 A group of British Shipping Registers, made up from: the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies (Isle of Man, Guernsey and Jersey) and the UK Overseas Territories (Anguilla, Bermuda, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, St Helena and the Turks & Caicos Islands). Any vessel registered in the UK, a Crown Dependency or UK Overseas Territory, is a “British ship” and is entitled to fly the Red Ensign flag.
17 DfT (2019) Shipping Fleet Statistics: 2018: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/shipping-fleet-statistics-2018

18 Maritime UK (2018) Annual Review: https://www.maritimeuk.org/media-centre/publications/annual-review-2018

19 Cebr (2017) Maritime Sector Report: https://www.maritimeuk.org/value/maritime-services-industry/ City of London Corporation (2016) The UK’s Global Maritime Professional Services: Contribution and Trends: https://www.maritimeuk.org/about/our-sector/maritime-business-services

20 Defra (2019) Clean Air Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/clean-air-strategy-2019
21 Public Health England – news story (2018) “New tool calculates NHS and social care costs of air pollution”

https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-tool-calculates-nhs-and-social-care-costs-of-air-pollution

22 Public Health England (2019) Review of interventions to improve outdoor air quality and public health:

https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/795185/Review_of_interventions_to_improve_air_quality.pdf

23 Defra (2019) Clean Air Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/clean-air-strategy-2019
24 Domestic shipping is defined in this document as ships that start and end their journey in the UK, including overseas
territories and crown dependencies
25 DfT (2018) Energy and Environment Data Tables: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/energy-andenvironment-data-tables-env
26 Forthcoming study
27 Air Quality Expert Group (2017) Impacts of Shipping on UK Air Quality: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/assets/documents/
reports/cat11/1708081025_170807_Shipping_Report.pdf
28 Defra (2019) Clean Air Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/clean-air-strategy-2019
29 Office for Low Emission Vehicles (2018) Road to Zero Strategy: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/
uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/739460/road-to-zero.pdf
30 EMSA (2019) Greenhouse Gas: http://www.emsa.europa.eu/main/air-pollution/greenhouse-gases.html
31 IMO (2015): Third IMO GHG Study 2014: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Pages/Greenhouse-Gas-Studies-2014.aspx
32 Olivier, J. G. J., Janssens-Maenhout, G., Muntean, M., & Peters, J. A. H. W. (2016) Trends in global CO2 emissions: 2016 Report. European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate C - Energy, Transport and Climate; PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague. JRC103425, PBL2315
33 IMO (2015): Third IMO GHG Study 2014: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/
Pages/Greenhouse-Gas-Studies-2014.aspx
34 European Parliament (2015) Emission Reduction Targets for International Aviationa nd Shipping: http://www.europarl.
europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/569964/IPOL_STU(2015)569964_EN.pdf
35 For the purposes of reporting GHG emissions, the UK’s share of international shipping emissions is estimated from the
refuelling from bunkers at UK ports (although these emissions are not included in the UK’s emissions total in the national
GHG inventory)
36 DfT (2018) Energy and Environment Data Tables: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/energy-andenvironment-data-tables-env
37 National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (2019): http://naei.beis.gov.uk/
38 Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner
air for Europe
39 European Commission (2018) Reducing Emissions from the Shipping Sector: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/
transport/shipping_en
European Environment Agency (2019) National Emissions Ceilings Directive: https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/
national-emission-ceilings/national-emission-ceilings-directive
40 Defra (2019) Clean Air Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/clean-air-strategy-2019
41 IMO (2018) Initial IMO Strategy on the Reduction of GHG from Ships: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/AirPollution/Documents/Resolution%20MEPC.304(72)_E.pdf
42 Further explanation of different emission reduction options is available in Frontier Economics, UMAS and E4tech (2019).
Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air Pollution. Maritime Emission Reduction Options.
A Summary Report for the Department for Transport.
43 More detail on the available alternative fuels and energy efficiency technologies can be found in in Frontier Economics,
UMAS and E4tech (2019). Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air Pollution. Maritime
Emission Reduction Options. A Summary Report for the Department for Transport.
44 Efuels’, also known as ‘electrofuels’ or ‘synthetic fuels’ are ‘artificial fossil fuels’ produced using CO2 and water. In the
form of artificial gasoline, diesel or kerosene, they can be used as ‘drop in fuels’ in an internal combustion engine. To
be considered zero-emission, these fuels would have to be generated using renewable electricity and CO2 captured
from the air. (Transport & Environment (2017) Electrofuels – What Role in EU Transport Decarbonisation?: https://www.
transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/2017_11_Briefing_electrofuels_final.pdf)
45 AirClim (2010) “Cutting NOx emissions – the Norwegian Way”: http://www.airclim.org/acidnews/2010/AN1-10/cuttingnox-emissions-norwegian-way
46 NCE Maritime CleanTech (2019) “ZeFF: Towards Zero Emission Fast Ferries”: https://maritimecleantech.no/2019/01/15/
zeff-towards-zero-emission-fast-ferries/
47 Reuters (2018) “China’s stricter rules on shipping emissions a boon for IMO 2020 compliance” https://af.reuters.com/
article/commoditiesNews/idAFL4N1UK3QP
48 Frontier Economics, E4tech and UMAS (2019) Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air
Pollution. Economic Opportunities from Low and Zero Emission Shipping. A report for the Department for Transport.
49 Frontier Economics, E4tech and UMAS (2019) Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air
Pollution. Economic Opportunities from Low and Zero Emission Shipping. A report for the Department for Transport.
50 This assessment covers hydrogen, ammonia, methanol and BioLNG only.
51 Frontier Economics, E4tech and UMAS (2019) Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air
Pollution. Economic Opportunities from Low and Zero Emission Shipping. A report for the Department for Transport.
52 DfT (2019) Maritime 2050 Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/maritime-2050-navigating-the-future
53 Defra (2019) Clean Air Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/clean-air-strategy-2019
54 DfT – news story (2018) ‘Clean maritime revolution starts voyage’: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cleanmaritime-revolution-starts-voyage
55 [Reference to be added to .gov.uk]
56 Frontier Economics, UMAS and E4tech (2019) Reducing the UK Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and
Air Pollution. The Potential Role of Targets and Economic Instruments. A Report for the Department for Transport.
57 Frontier Economics, UMAS, E4tech and CE Delft (2019) Reducing the UK Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate
Change and Air Pollution: Take-up of Emissions Abatement Options and their Impact on Emissions and Costs.
58 There are two broad pathways for the generation of hydrogen. The first involves using fossil fuels, through a process
known as ‘steam methane reformation’ (SMR). The GHG emissions from this process could be captured using carbon
capture and storage (CCS). The second pathway involves generating hydrogen from water using electricity, through a
process called electrolysis. CCS is not required in this second pathway. There may be GHG emissions associated with
the electrolysis process, depending on the source of electricity (e.g. renewable, fossil-fuel). However it is generated,
hydrogen is itself an input in for the production of ammonia and methanol.
59 Committee on Climate Change (2018) Biomass in a Low-Carbon Economy: https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/
biomass-in-a-low-carbon-economy/
60 OEC (2019) Methanol: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/hs07/290511/
OEC (2019) Hydrogen: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/hs92/2804/
OEC (2019) Ammonia: https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/hs92/2814/
61 International Fertilizer Association (2018) IDASTAT: Nitrogen Products: Ammonia Production & Trade by Region:
https://www.ifastat.org/supply/Nitrogen%20Products/Ammonia
62 Defra (2019) Clean Air Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/clean-air-strategy-2019
63 Frontier Economics, E4tech and UMAS (2019) Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air
Pollution. Economic Opportunities from Low and Zero Emission Shipping. A report for the Department for Transport.
64 Frontier Economics and UMAS (2019) Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air Pollution.
Identification of market failures and other barriers to the commercial deployment of abatement options. A Report for the
Department for Transport.
65 Frontier Economics, UMAS and E4tech (2019) Reducing the UK Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and
Air Pollution. The Potential Role of Targets and Economic Instruments. A Report for the Department for Transport.
56 Clean Maritime Plan
66 Frontier Economics, E4tech and UMAS (2019) Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air
Pollution. Economic Opportunities from Low and Zero Emission Shipping. A report for the Department for Transport.
67 Oxera (2015) International competitiveness of the UK maritime sector. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ukmaritime-sector-international-competitiveness
68 The CityUK (2013) Maritime Business Services 2013: http://www.thecityuk.com/research/our-work/reports-list/maritimebusiness-services-2013/
69 DfT (2015) UK Maritime Sector: International Competitiveness: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ukmaritime-sector-international-competitiveness
70 UNEP (2016) The United Kingdom: Global Hub, Local Dynamics: https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/
handle/20.500.11822/9757/-The_United_Kingdom_Global_Hub,_Local_Dynamics_-_Mapping_the_transition_to_a_
sustainable_financial_system-2016UK_Global_Hub_Local_Dynamics.pdf.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y
71 Green Finance Initiative (2019) http://greenfinanceinitiative.org/
72 E4Tech and Element Energy (2014) Tees Valley and North East Hydrogen Economic Study: http://www.element-energy.
co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/16102014-Tees-Valley-and-North-East-Hydrogen-Economic-StudyExecutive-....pdf
73 EMEC (2018) Press release: Funding Secured for UK’s First Hydrogen Injection System on a Ferry: http://www.emec.org.
uk/press-release-funding-secured-for-uks-first-hydrogen-injection-system-on-a-ferry/
74 University of St Andrews (2018) Ferguson Marine to Develop Renewables-Powered Hydrogen Ferry: https://news.standrews.ac.uk/archive/ferguson-marine-to-develop-renewables-powered-hydrogen-ferry-hyseas-iii/
75 BBC (2018) Study into Hydrogen Powered Ferry for the Western Isles: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotlandhighlands-islands-43140326
76 Siemens (2019) “Green” Ammonia is the Key to Meeting the Twin Challenges of the 21st Century: https://www.siemens.
co.uk/en/insights/potential-of-green-ammonia-as-fertiliser-and-electricity-storage.htm
77 Frontier Economics, UMAS and CE Delft (2019) Reducing the UK Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and
Air Pollution. Scenario Analysis: Take-up of Emissions Reduction Options and their Impacts on Emissions and Costs. A
Report for the Department for Transport.
78 Frontier Economics and UMAS (2019) Reducing the UK Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air
Pollution. Potential Demands on the UK Energy System from Port and Shipping Electrification. A Report for the
Department for Transport.
79 The research explains that peak energy demand determines the required enhancements to the grid. This is because in
order to balance the energy system, available capacity must always exceed demand. This means that the system must
be able to meet the maximum peak demand at any point in the day. So, if there is a surge in energy demand caused by
ships demanding significant electricity concurrently, this could mean that enhancements to the distribution network, or to
the transmission system, could be required
80 Frontier Economics and UMAS (2019) Reducing the UK Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air
Pollution. Potential Demands on the UK Energy System from Port and Shipping Electrification. A Report for the
Department for Transport.
81 WaterstofNet (2018) Successful workshop on ‘offshore hydrogen production’: https://www.waterstofnet.eu/en/news/
successful-workshop-on-offshore-hydrogen-production
82 Carbon Trust (2019) 10 Years of Accelerating Innovation: https://www.carbontrust.com/future-energy-systems/offshorewind-10-years-innovation/
83 Carbon Trust (2019) Reducing Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Offshore Wind Vessels: https://www.carbontrust.
com/news/2019/01/reducing-emissions-and-fuel-consumption-in-offshore-wind-vessels/
84 BBC (2018) Study into Hydrogen Powered Ferry for the Western Isles: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotlandhighlands-islands-43140326
85 Johnston Carmichael (2018) Proud Partners in New Project to Develop a Hydrogen Powered Ferry for Hebridean
Communities: https://johnstoncarmichael.com/about-us/news/proud-partners-in-new-project-to-develop-a-hydrogenpowered-ferry-for-hebri
86 Frontier Economics and UMAS (2019) Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air Pollution.
Identification of market failures and other barriers to the commercial deployment of abatement options. A Report for the
Department for Transport.
87 Consultation feedback from MarRI-UK
88 Split incentives in shipping ‘occur due to the different types of charter (and the divided responsibility for fuel costs) existing between shipowners and charterers. Ship owners who invest in fuel efficiency improving measures cannot, in general, recoup their investment, unless they operate their own ships or have long term agreements with charterers, because neither charter rates nor second hand prices of ships reflect the economic benefit of its fuel efficiency (Faber et al., 2009).’ (Rehmatulla, N and Smith, T (2015) “Barriers to Energy efficient and Low Carbon Shipping” Ocean Engineering, Vol 110, Part B, pp102-112 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815005028)
89 MarRI-UK is a project aiming to provide a collaborative innovation vehicle for the UK maritime industry. It is currently led by foundation partners comprising eight companies, four universities, and one trade association, with the aim of improving coordination and resources in maritime research and development. These partners are Babcock, BAE, BMT, Cammell Laird, Lloyd’s Register, QinetiQ, Rolls Royce, Shell, Newcastle University, University of Southampton, University of Strathclyde, University College London and the Society of Maritime Industries.
90 Frontier Economics, E4tech and UMAS (2019) Reducing the Maritime Sector’s Contribution to Climate Change and Air Pollution. Economic Opportunities from Low and Zero Emission Shipping. A report for the Department for Transport.
91 The flash point of a flammable liquid is the temperature at which it ignites in the presence of an ignition source. A lowflashpoint fuel has a flash point lower than that of regular diesel fuel.
92 IMO (2019) IGF Code: http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/Safety/SafetyTopics/Pages/IGF-Code.aspx
93 DfT (2019) Maritime 2050 Strategy: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/maritime-2050-navigating-the-future
94 DfT (2019) Technology and Innovation Route Map: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/maritime-2050-navigating-the-future
95 Brown et al. (2018) UK National Inventory Report: http://naei.beis.gov.uk/reports/reports?report_id=954

SECTION 1 - TACKLING EMISSIONS : 14 - 50
SECTION 2 - OUR APPROACH:  51 - 58
SECTION 3 - ECONOMICS:  59 - 95
SECTION 4 - INFRASTRUCTURE:  96 - 120
SECTION 5 INNOVATION:  121 - 129
SECTION 6 - REGULATION:  130 - 138
SECTION 7 - NEXT STEPS:  139 - 140
MAP - THE 2050 PLAN RECOMMENDATIONS

GLOSSARY

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Grant Shapps - Secretary of State for Transport 2021

The Knowledge Transfer Network is Innovate UK’s network partner, and also provides innovation networking for other funders in line with its mission to drive UK growth.

The Department for Transport works with Innovate UK, part of UK Research and Innovation Clean Maritime Plan and supports the transition to Net Zero by 2050 in line with the International Maritime Organization's (IMO's) targets for zero emission shipping.

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